Armenian Religion: Exploring the Belief Systems of Armenia

The Armenian people have deeply rooted and ancient religious traditions that have shaped their identity over the centuries. As one of the oldest Christian civilizations, Armenia’s religious heritage is a captivating fusion of early Christianity, indigenous beliefs, and cultural traditions. Armenian religion encompasses a complex tapestry of beliefs, rituals, and historical events that have contributed to a distinctive religious identity.

This article examines the Armenian religion, providing an in-depth study of its origins, core beliefs, rituals, and significant traditions. From the early adoption of Christianity to the interweaving of folk customs and ancient mythologies, we take a journey through the spiritual landscape that has shaped Armenian culture and society.

Historical Background

The history of the Armenian religion is deeply intertwined with the country’s rich past. Armenians are believed to have been among the first nations to embrace Christianity as a state religion in the early 4th century under the influence of St. Gregory the Illuminator. Conversion to Christianity was a turning point for the Armenian people and laid the foundation for the development of their distinctive religious practices.

Origins of Armenian Religion

The ancient Armenian religion originated before the advent of Christianity. Armenians had their own local beliefs and practices that were deeply rooted in nature worship, ancestor worship, and a pantheon of gods and goddesses. Armenian religion absorbed elements of neighboring civilizations, including the Zoroastrianism of Persia and the Hellenistic traditions of the Greeks.

Adoption of Christianity

The turning point in Armenian religious history came at the beginning of the 4th century when King Trdat III under the influence of St. Gregory the Illuminator declared Christianity the state religion. St. Gregory played a decisive role in the evangelization of Armenia and the conversion of the royal family and nobility. This marked the beginning of Armenia’s close relationship with Christianity, making it one of the first nations to officially embrace the faith.

Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church, also known as the Armenian Orthodox Church or the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, became the dominant religious institution in Armenia. It became an independent Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination separate from the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. The head of the Armenian Apostolic Church is the Catholicos of All Armenians, located in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, near the capital Yerevan.

Development of Doctrines and Beliefs

The Armenian Apostolic Church has developed its own unique theological doctrines, combining Christian teachings with local beliefs and cultural practices. Central to its beliefs is the concept of the Holy Trinity, which emphasizes the unity of God the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. The Church affirms the deity of Christ, the importance of the sacraments, and faith in the resurrection and eternal life.

Persecutions and Survival

Throughout history, the Armenian people have faced many challenges, including persecutions and invasions that have threatened their religious and cultural heritage. Conversion to Christianity has made Armenia a target for neighboring empires and Islamic conquerors. Despite these hardships, the Armenian religion survived and the church played a key role in preserving the faith and cultural identity of the Armenian people.

Cultural Syncretism

The Armenian religion exhibits elements of cultural syncretism, combining ancient traditions with Christian practices. Many pre-Christian customs and rituals have been integrated into Christian rituals, allowing the Armenian people to maintain a connection with their roots. This syncretism is evident in the various religious festivals, folk traditions, and even the architectural styles of Armenian churches.

Armenian Genocide and Diaspora

In the early 20th century, a tragic event occurred that had a profound impact on the Armenian people and their religious community – the Armenian Genocide. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire carried out a systematic extermination of the Armenian population, leading to the death of millions of people and scattering the survivors around the world. The Armenian Diaspora scattered around the world continued to uphold the Armenian religion, founding churches and communities in their new homeland.

Modern Developments

In recent years the Armenian Apostolic Church has been striving to expand its reach and reinforce its presence in different parts of the world. It uses modern technologies for communicating with the global Armenian community and for interacting with the younger generation. In addition, interfaith dialogue and ecumenical efforts are aimed at strengthening mutual understanding and cooperation among the various religious communities.

Core Beliefs and Doctrines

Armenian religion is based on a unique combination of Christian theology and indigenous beliefs. The basic beliefs and doctrines of the Armenian religion, particularly the Armenian Apostolic Church, are rooted in Christian theology and ancient Armenian traditions. Let’s look at some key aspects of Armenian religious beliefs and doctrines:

• The Holy Trinity: The Armenian Apostolic Church affirms belief in the Holy Trinity, which is the central doctrine of Christianity. This doctrine emphasizes that God exists as three persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. The Armenian Church recognizes the divine nature and unity of the Holy Trinity;
• The divinity of Christ: the Armenian religion recognizes and upholds the divinity of Jesus Christ. It teaches that Jesus is the Son of God, the second Person of the Holy Trinity, who took human form in order to redeem mankind through His life, death, and resurrection. The Church honors Jesus Christ as the Savior and the source of salvation;
• Sacraments: The Armenian Apostolic Church attaches great importance to the sacraments, which are sacred rituals or ceremonies that convey divine grace to the participants. The Church recognizes seven sacraments: Baptism, Baptism (Confirmation), Holy Eucharist (Communion), Holy Orders (ordination), Holy Matrimony, Holy Unction (anointing of the sick), and Confession;
• Resurrection and Eternal Life: The Armenian religion affirms faith in the resurrection of the dead and the promise of eternal life. It teaches that through faith in Christ, believers will be resurrected and receive eternal life in fellowship with God. This belief in the afterlife and the hope of resurrection is a central aspect of Armenian religious teaching;
• Salvation and Redemption: the Armenian Apostolic Church emphasizes the concept of salvation through the atoning sacrifice of Christ. It teaches that Christ’s death on the cross provided redemption and reconciliation between mankind and God. Salvation is seen as a process of repentance, faith, and righteous living in accordance with Christ’s teachings;
• The Role of Mary and the Saints: The Armenian religion specifically honors the Virgin Mary, considering her the Virgin Mary (Տէրը Աստուածամայյար – Derē Astvadzamayr). Mary’s role in the incarnation of Christ and her virtuous life are highly revered. In addition, the Armenian Church recognizes and honors the saints as intercessors and spiritual guides;
• Scripture and liturgy: the Armenian Apostolic Church values its sacred texts, particularly the Holy Bible. The Armenian Bible includes the Old Testament and the New Testament with its own translation known as the Armenian Version (often called the “Ararat Version”). The church also has a rich liturgical tradition, with distinctive liturgical chants, prayers, and rituals that are central to the services;
• Moral and Ethical Teachings: The Armenian religion attaches great importance to moral and ethical values, emphasizing such virtues as compassion, justice, humility, and love for one another. It urges its followers to lead virtuous lives and strive for spiritual growth through prayer, penance, and works of mercy.

These core beliefs and doctrines form the religious identity of the Armenian people, defining their spiritual practice, worship, and interaction with the world around them. They provide the basis for understanding the relationship between God, humanity, salvation, and the purpose of life.

Rituals and Worship

Armenian religious rituals and worship practices reflect a harmonious blend of Christian and pre-Christian customs. The Divine Liturgy, the central act of worship in the Armenian Apostolic Church, is performed with reverence and accompanied by unique liturgical chants. The use of incense, icons, and religious symbols adds to the spiritual atmosphere.

Armenian religious rituals and ceremonies are deeply rooted in the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is the main religious institution in Armenia. These rituals and ceremonies of worship reflect a combination of Christian traditions, ancient Armenian customs and cultural manifestations. Let’s look at some key aspects of Armenian religious rituals and services:

• Divine Liturgy: The central act of worship in the Armenian Apostolic Church is the Divine Liturgy, also known as Badarak. It is a sacred service dedicated to the Last Supper of Jesus Christ. The liturgy includes prayers, scripture readings, hymns, and the consecration of bread and wine, which are believed to become the body and blood of Christ. The liturgy is celebrated with reverence and solemnity;
• Church Services: Armenian church services are characterized by liturgical chants, incense, and elaborate rituals. Priests, known as Der Ayr (priestly father), lead prayer and administer the sacraments. Incense is often used in Armenian worship, symbolizing prayers ascending to the heavens. Icons with richly painted religious images are an integral part of the church interior;
• The sacraments: The Armenian Apostolic Church recognizes seven sacraments, as mentioned earlier. These sacraments are central to the religious life of Armenian Christians and are administered in the context of worship. The sacraments include baptism, baptism (confirmation), holy Eucharist (communion), holy ordination (ordination), holy marriage, holy anointing (anointing of the sick) and confession. Each sacrament includes special rituals and prayers;
• Prayer and meditation: Prayer occupies an important place in Armenian religious practice. Armenians perform individual and communal prayers, both inside and outside the church. The Armenian church has a rich collection of liturgical prayers, known as sharagans, which are recited during services. Personal prayer and meditation are encouraged as a means of spiritual connection and seeking guidance from God;
• Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage is an important aspect of Armenian religious tradition. Believers travel to holy places and monasteries, both in Armenia and in other countries with Armenian communities. These pilgrimages allow people to deepen their spiritual connection, receive blessings, and pay homage to saints and martyrs. Famous pilgrimage sites include the Holy See of Echmiadzin, the Geghard Monastery, and Khor Virap;
• Feast Days and Religious Festivals: Armenian religious festivals and holidays are celebrated with great enthusiasm and reverence. These festivals commemorate significant events in the life of Christ, saints and important historical events in Armenian religious history. Easter (Zatik), Christmas (Surb Tznund), Transfiguration (Vardavar) and the commemoration of saints are among the major religious holidays that are celebrated with special liturgical services, processions and cultural traditions;
• Personal devotion: Armenian Christians practice personal devotion by lighting candles, making offerings, and asking for intercession from the saints. Devotional practices are often held at home or in shrines dedicated to certain saints. Icons of saints and religious relics have special significance in personal veneration, serving as objects of veneration and sources of spiritual inspiration.

These rituals and worship practices play a vital role in the spiritual life of Armenian Christians, fostering a deep sense of connection to God, community and cultural heritage. They serve as a means of expressing faith, finding spiritual nourishment and participating in the rich tapestry of Armenian religious traditions.

Cultural Traditions and Festivals

Armenian religious practices are deeply intertwined with the country’s cultural heritage. Various religious festivals and traditions display a vibrant tapestry of Armenian identity.

Armenian cultural traditions and festivals are intertwined with the religious heritage of the Armenian people. These festivals display a vibrant tapestry of Armenian identity, combining religious rituals, folklore, music, dance, and culinary delights. Let’s take a look at some of Armenia’s significant cultural traditions and festivals:

• Armenian Genocide Memorial Day (April 24): This solemn day commemorates the anniversary of the Armenian genocide, a tragic event that occurred during World War I. Armenians around the world gather to remember and commemorate the victims of the genocide through memorial services, candlelight vigils and cultural events. This day has deep historical and emotional significance for the Armenian community;
• Vardavar (Feast of Water): Vardavar is a unique and joyous holiday celebrated on the 14th Sunday after Easter. It involves pouring water on each other, symbolizing the washing away of sins and the renewal of life. People playfully splash water on friends, relatives and strangers, creating a festive and refreshing atmosphere;
• Easter (Zatik): Easter is one of the most important religious holidays for Armenian Christians. The celebration lasts several days and includes various rituals, including church services, processions, and candle lighting. Families gather for a festive meal, exchange Easter eggs, and participate in traditional games and dances;
• Trndez (Tirndez): Trndez is a traditional Armenian holiday celebrated on February 13, which marks the end of winter and the arrival of spring. Fires are lit and people jump over the flames as a cleansing ritual. This holiday is believed to bring good luck, health and fertility. The holiday includes singing, dancing, and feasting;
• Independence Day (September 21): Independence Day commemorates Armenia’s independence from Soviet rule, which was achieved on September 21, 1991. This day includes parades, cultural performances, fireworks and concerts to showcase national pride and achievements;
• Harvest Festivals: Armenia has a rich agricultural heritage, and harvest festivals are an integral part of the cultural calendar. These festivals celebrate the bountiful harvest, expressing gratitude for the fruits of the land. Traditional songs, dances, food, and folk games are the hallmarks of these festivals;
• Folk Dances and Music: Armenian folk dances and music play an important role in cultural traditions and festivals. Traditional dances such as Kochari, Shurch Bar, and Yarkhushta are performed during festivals, weddings, and other joyous events. Armenian folk music, with its distinctive melodies and instruments such as the duduk, is appreciated for its emotional depth and its connection to the history of the country;
• Food and cuisine: Armenian cuisine is famous for its rich taste and variety of dishes. Traditional Armenian dishes are often prepared and consumed during festivals and cultural gatherings. Delicacies such as dolma (stuffed grape leaves), khorovats (barbecue), lavash (flatbread), and various sweets such as baklava and gata (pastries) are central to Armenian culinary traditions.

These cultural traditions and celebrations demonstrate the deeply rooted connection between the Armenian people, their religious beliefs, and their vibrant cultural heritage. They are an occasion to bring the community together, preserve traditions, and express a collective sense of identity and pride.

Influence on Art, Architecture, and Literature

The Armenian religion has left an indelible mark on the country’s artistic and literary creativity. Icon painting, illuminated manuscripts, and the distinctive Armenian alphabet has played a crucial role in the preservation and transmission of religious and cultural knowledge. Armenian churches, with their unique architectural style, testify to the lasting influence of faith.

The Armenian religion has profoundly influenced art, architecture, and literature throughout the centuries. The fusion of Christian beliefs and indigenous Armenian traditions has shaped the creative expression of the Armenian people, resulting in a unique cultural heritage. Let us examine the influence of the Armenian religion on these arts:

Art

Armenian religious art is characterized by a distinctive style and symbolism. Iconography plays a central role, with beautifully painted religious icons depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, saints, and biblical scenes.

These icons serve as objects of veneration and convey spiritual meaning. Armenian illuminated manuscripts, such as the famous “Gospel of Zeit’un” and the “Gospel of Queen Mlke,” are characterized by elaborate illustrations and ornate calligraphy.

Armenian religious art also extends to other forms of art, including frescoes, mosaics, and woodcarvings. 

Churches and monasteries are decorated with colorful frescoes depicting religious subjects, saints, and angels. Intricate carvings of stone and wood decorate the interiors and exteriors of religious buildings.

Architecture

Armenian religious architecture displays a unique blend of Byzantine, Persian, and distinctively Armenian styles. Armenian apostolic churches have a distinctive architectural form characterized by domes, pointed arches, and rich stone carvings. Church constructions often have a central dome supported by four columns representing the four evangelists.

Notable examples of Armenian religious architecture include the Cathedral of St. Echmiadzin, considered the spiritual center of the Armenian Church, and the medieval monastic complexes of Tatev, Noravank, and Geghard. These architectural marvels reflect the integration of religious symbolism, cultural identity, and craftsmanship.

Church Layout

Armenian churches usually have a cross-shaped plan, symbolizing the crucifixion of Christ. A dome, supported by four columns representing the four evangelists, often rises above the central room. This central dome is surrounded by four arms that form the shape of a cross. Each arm may contain small apses or chapels, and the eastern arm usually contains an altar.

Exterior Design

The exterior design of Armenian churches is characterized by massive masonry. They often have prominent facades decorated with intricate carvings, bas-reliefs, and decorative motifs. Carved stone crosses (khachkars) are a distinctive feature of Armenian religious architecture and serve as a symbol of the Christian faith. These crosses are richly decorated with ornate patterns and religious symbols.

Dome and Drum

The central dome is a defining element of Armenian religious architecture. It is usually octagonal or drum-shaped and rests on a raised drum or drum-like structure. The dome is often covered with a conical or pyramidal roof and topped with a cross or cross-stone. The use of domes in Armenian architecture was influenced by Byzantine and Persian architectural traditions.

Bell Towers

Armenian churches often have bell towers, known as gavits, located next to the main church structure. These towers store bells and serve as vestibules or meeting places. They are characterized by open arcades, supporting columns, and decorative details.

Monastic Complexes

Armenian religious architecture often includes monastic complexes consisting of several structures such as churches, chapels, refectories, and living quarters for monks. These complexes are usually located in picturesque locations such as mountainous regions or valleys. Examples of famous Armenian monastic complexes are Tatev, Noravank, Geghard, and Haghpat.

Use of Local Materials

Local building materials, especially stone, and tufa, are widely used in Armenian religious architecture. Stone construction ensures the strength and durability of structures. The use of local materials is not only practical, but it also reflects the relationship between architecture and the natural environment.

Armenian religious architecture is deeply imbued with symbolism and spirituality. The design elements, decorative motifs, and spatial arrangement aim to create a sacred and contemplative atmosphere. The architecture is designed to inspire awe, promote a sense of spiritual connection and reflect Armenian religious and cultural identity.

Literature

Armenian religious literature has been a cornerstone of Armenian culture and identity. The translation and preservation of religious texts have played a crucial role in the development of Armenian writing. One of the most significant contributions was the creation of the Armenian alphabet by St. Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century which allowed translation of the Bible and other religious texts.

Armenian religious literature includes biblical translations, prayers, hymns, and theological works. The works of prominent figures such as St. Gregory of Narek, known for his “Book of Lamentations” (also called “Narek”), are examples of deep spiritual contemplation and devotion.

Armenian religious literature extends beyond religious texts, encompassing folk tales, epic poetry, and historical narratives, which are often interwoven with religious themes. These works reflect the cultural values, moral teachings, and timeless spiritual heritage of the Armenian people.

Armenian religion has not only influenced individual works of art, architecture, and literature but has also shaped the overall artistic and cultural landscape of Armenia. It has served as a source of inspiration, a basis for self-expression, and a means of connection with spirituality and cultural identity. The fusion of Armenian religious beliefs with artistic expression has created a unique artistic heritage that continues to fascinate and inspire.

Conclusion

The Armenian religion is a fascinating tapestry interwoven with historical events, Christian beliefs, and cultural practices. From the adoption of Christianity as the state religion to the preservation of ancient traditions, the Armenian people have maintained their religious identity with unwavering devotion. Today, the Armenian Apostolic Church serves as a spiritual center for Armenians around the world, fostering a sense of unity and preserving culture.

The study of Armenian religion provides valuable insight into the unique combination of faith, history, and tradition that has shaped this ancient civilization. By understanding the intricacies of this religious heritage, we come to a deeper understanding of the profound influence it has had on Armenian culture, art, literature, and the collective consciousness of the people. Armenian religion is a testament to the resilience and spiritual strength of a nation that has endured through the centuries.